Sequencing Goals in Speech Therapy that Truly Generalize

We have all set sequencing goals in speech therapy.  Maybe like me, you have boxes of sequencing cards in your therapy room passed down from generations of speech therapists.  Neat, coaster-sized squares rubber-banded together in sets of 4, 6, and 8.  

They’re pretty, and the kids seem to like them.  But have they truly made a difference in the classroom? Have they truly served the purpose of teaching sequencing activities in speech therapy?

That’s what I want to think about today:  What is sequencing in speech therapy? What are the best speech therapy sequencing tasks?  And some provocative questions like: Should we even be using speech therapy sequencing pictures? 

Because if we can answer these questions, we have regained one of the most powerful tools for teaching robust narratives and moving children off our caseloads. If we don’t, our students’ narrative development remain incomplete.

What is Sequencing in Speech Therapy?

Sequencing at its basic core is putting events from a story in order.  However, if we don’t travel past this minimalist definition we miss out on the true

• Sequencing is the glue that holds a story together.
• Sequencing is the intrigue that keeps us wanting to know what’s going to happen.
• Sequencing causes the guffaw and laughter of a funny story because the story-teller arranged things in an unexpected way.
• Sequencing honors cultural variations in story-telling by giving us the “what” in a surprising order.
• Sequencing gives a child a structure to learn how to tell appreciated stories.

This last point is the most important to those of us working in special education. If we can teach a child how to organize a story with all the required parts, they can tell almost any story.  

As an example, yes we want a child to be able to re-tell The Three Little Pigs. But if we stopped there we missed the point.  What we REALLY want is that the child learns how to initiate a story with a problem FIRST.  THEN try to solve it. AFTER, if it isn’t solved, keep working on it. And at the END summarize the overall experience.

So the goal of sequencing activities in speech therapy is pretty simple: generalization

What are the best sequencing activities for speech therapy?

Early on in my career I used speech therapy sequencing pictures and didn’t think too deeply about sequencing much at all.  Here’s the problem though:

If you are thinking that my therapy wasn’t aligned with the desired outcome, you were spot on.  

Then I made a shift.

I stopped teaching sequencing outside of the story. I only used the pictures from the story.  I chose different types of stories that showcased different styles of sequences.

Storybooks are great for sequencing because:

They use sequences that most children have been exposed to, which helps comprehension of the story by tying story events into their own prior knowledge.
They provide a context for working on functional vocabulary/skills if the child has not yet learned those sequences (such as days of the week).
You can easily include the scaffolding strategy of cloze procedure (the therapist begins the phrase and the child fills in the gap. Example: Therapist, “ Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday….” Child, “Thursday”).
The rote and automatic production of many of these sequences is great for individuals with fluency disorders and word retrieval difficulties.
Familiar sequences provide many carryover opportunities far beyond the speech therapy room, into daily life and the classroom.

How to use Stories as Sequencing Activities in Speech Therapy

As an example, here is one of our favorite Familiar Sequence stories, and how we like to use it in therapy to target a variety of goals:

The Hungry Caterpillar/La Oruga Hambrienta
By Eric Carle

Stories also enable us to make sequencing speech therapy goals around predictions.  The child can “guess” what is going to happen next because the story follows a structure that is familiar to them.  This helps keep them excited and engaged because they have background knowledge that can help them to participate even more!

Outcomes of Different Speech and Language Goal Attack Strategies

Using Songs for Sequencing Goals

We like to use song and chants with Familiar Sequence stories. There are many songs that go along with most familiar sequences (e.g. days of the week, months of the year, counting, alphabet, etc). Songs are a great pre-reading activity to use before reading these types of books to help get children into the mindset of that specific sequence.

Here are some songs we love that go great with The Hungry Caterpillar, to teach the familiar sequences of the days of the week and numbers as well as telling the story:

• Days of the Week/Dias de la Semana by Dr. Jean
• Today Is Sunday/Hoy Es Domingo by Dr. Jean
• Months of the Year/Meses del año by Dr. Jean
• Five Little Monkeys/ Cinco Monos Pequeños by Dr. Jean
• All Dr. Jean songs from the ¡Olé, Olé, Olé!

The following songs can be found in iTunes:

• Cinco Patitos by Jose Luis Orozco
• 5 Little Ducks by The Learning Station
• Cinco Elefantes by Stanley A. Lucero
• Days of the Week by Twin Sisters
• Los Dias de la Semana by Jorge Anaya and Whistlefritz
• Hungry Caterpillar by The Learning Station

Great Books Address Your Speech Therapy Sequencing Goals

Here you will also find a list of some of our other favorite Familiar Sequence Stories. Some can only be found in English at this time, but are books that we commonly translate into Spanish and have basic enough vocabulary that it is easy to do on the fly. We have also included direct links to purchase your favorites through Amazon. We would love to hear from you on how YOU use these books in therapy!

English	Spanish	Description of Story
Go Diego Go! To the Rescue! Al Rescate!	Bilingual book	A bilingual (Spanish/English) board book with interactive, and voice output buttons. Why we like it: It’s a great book for eliciting action words!
The Very Hungry Caterpillar	La oruga muy hambrienta	Plot: A colorful caterpillar moves his way through the life cycle, eating everything in his path. Why we like it: An Eric Carle classic and children’s favorite, great book for teaching categories (food, colors), introducing the life cycle, comparing and contrasting and presenting days of the week and numbers.
Froggy Gets Dressed	Froggy se viste	Plot: A frog convinces his mom to let him go play in the snow, only to be reminded by her that he needs to put on more clothes each time he attempts to leave the house. Why we like it: Humorous story good for kids aged 3-5 targeting clothing, seasons, winter vocabulary and /r/ (English and Spanish).
The Grouchy Ladybug	La mariquita malhumorada	Plot: The story of an ornery ladybug who gets involved in a series of tiffs with a succession of ever-larger animals. Why we like it: Beautiful illustrations and full of language targets: concepts of time, increasing sizes, cycle of day to night and great for teaching cooperation and expected/unexpected behavior to little ones
Cookie’s Week	La semana de Cookie	Plot: This story follows a mischievous kitten throughout each day of the week. Why we like it: Great book for preschoolers to teach the days of the week and also introduces fun topic of conversation of raising a pet which is a good language stimulation topic.
Ten Black Dots	Diez puntos negros	Plot: Simple illustrations with different configurations of dots that teaching counting. Why we like it: An appealing book for toddlers that teaching counting skills in a fun and imaginative way; invites fun arts and crafts follow up activities to create different items/animals with black dots for language targets
Ten, Nine, Eight	Diez, Nueve, Ocho	Plot: A girl and her father count down to bedtime, teaching counting skills. Why we like it: A Caldecott Honor book, this is a simple bedtime story that teaching counting and labeling skills in the context of the nursery; invites interactions and opportunities to make tangible connections
10 Little Rubber Ducks	10 patitos de goma	Plot: A story of 10 rubber ducks that are swept overboard off a cargo ship and travel to different parts of the world Why we like it: Based on a true incident, this is another lovely book for teaching counting, colors, sequencing, and part-whole relationships
Today is Monday (English only)		Plot: Various animals march across each page, eating a different food/dish each day of the week. Why we like it: Introduces animals, foods and days of the week for preschool aged children with a chant like verse that children could easily learn to sing along to.  Great for targeting both language and phonology.

Great Sequencing Goals for Speech Therapy

These are our favorite tired-and-true sequencing speech therapy goals. Slap: in 7/10 opportunities with min/mod/max support on the end and you are good to go. Find more great goals here: Speech Therapy Goals

• Will sequence a story or activity that includes [#] parts
  Pondrá las partes de una historia o actividad en orden
• Will retell a story with visual cues (e.g. sequence cards) including problem and solution.
  Recontará un cuento en orden incluyendo el problema y la solución con ayuda visual
• Will use descriptive language to tell stories
  Usará lenguaje descriptivo para contar cuentos
• Will tell a story from the past including [#] details in the right order
  Contará un cuento en el tiempo pasado usando [#] detalles en el orden correcto
• Will use sequence words to verbally order an event (e.g. first, next, then, after that, last).
  Usará palabras temporales para ordenar eventos (primero, segundo, después, al final)
• Will use appropriate descriptive words to report an event/story
  Usará palabras descriptivas para reportar los eventos de un cuento
• Will state a sequence of event/procedure
  Expresará una secuencia de un evento o procedimiento
• Will use appropriate narrative organization when relating stories
  Usará una organización narrativa apropiada cuando relata cuentos

Want to Get More Out of Your Speech Therapy? – Use Predictable Books

There are eight different types of predictable books as well as ways to use all the different types of predictable books with games. We can use these eight groups to categorize the books we read and get a better understanding of what each book has to offer.  These predictable categories also enable us to better define WHY our favorite books for speech therapy are successful, thus helping identify other book titles for future sessions.  Click on each story type to read more about each type of predictable books.

1. Justifying the Use of Speech Therapy Games with Literacy Research
2. Familiar Sequence Story: A common, recognizable theme such as the days of the week, the months, etc. Example: Today is Monday
3. Chain or Circular Story: The story’s ending leads back to the beginning. Example: Where the Wild Things Are
4. Cumulative Story: The story builds on a pattern. It starts with one person, place, thing, or event. Each time a new person, place, thing, or event is shown, all the previous ones are repeated. Example: There was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly
5. Question and Answer Book: A question is repeated throughout the story. Example: Brown Bear, Brown Bear
6. Repetition of Phrase Book:  A phrase or sentence is repeated. Example: Goodnight Moon
7. Rhyme Book: A rhyme, refrain, or rhythm is repeated throughout the story. Example: Chicka Chicka Boom Boom
8. Song Book: Familiar songs with repeated phrases, sentences, rhymes, or refrains. Example: Five Little Monkeys
9. Pattern Story: The scenes or episodes are repeated with a variation. Example: Froggy Gets Dressed

Note that predictable themes are easier to identify with books written for younger children.  We often see more overlap of characteristics in different types of predictable books in stories written for older children, as they contain more story elements.

For loads more information about fun intervention strategies that incorporate books, be sure to check out our book, Literacy-Based Speech and Language Activities.

And if you want to earn CEUs and learn how to effectively learn how to use storybooks in intervention and make games, check out the Literacy-Based Everything Pack