Language samples are BIG BANG for your time-buck, and we will show you how to do a language sample.  And, let’s be honest, we think that we do not have enough time.  However, language sampling can be easy and pulls together all aspects of language in a functional way.  

With language sampling, we can get the information we need fast.  They are PACKED full of information:

• There was a boy and a frog [ character id]
• He jumped inside the box [past tense / preposition use/ object name ]
• They ran behind the trees  [ pronoun / past tense / preposition / article / plural use]

4 tips on how to obtain a language sample:

1.  Use your phone or computer to record the sample.

Audacity is free downloadable program that records your language sample.

Free Audacity Download

2.  As your student/client is speaking, start to type up the sample.

You may be able to type up your entire sample in real time.  For clients who are more verbose, you might be typing every third or fourth sentence.  You might surprise yourself and have enough information with just the utterances typed.  In many cases, 25-50 utterances can give you sufficient information.  Try your hand at typing up this sample in real time:

3. Use a wordless picture book for a narrative sample.

We like Mercer Mayer’s Frog, Where Are You?  You tell the story and the child listens.

4.  Easily analyze your language sample.

So, now you have the language sample, what do you do?  We can help you here, too.  You need to analyze the macro (big picture) and micro (details of a story).  We have created this cheat sheet of the different aspects of language and did research on when they are expected to develop.  Assessment of Fictional Narratives

So, here’s to effective language sampling!

Detailed case study and example of language sampling

Let me conclude by adding some text from an evaluation that I just wrote.  You can see the richness of information about the child’s language in an easy snapshot.

Josepi, Age 7;2  Qualified for Speech Services with an Expressive and Receptive Impairment

Conversational Language Sample

Informal observations indicated that Josepi’s conversational language skills are stronger in Spanish than English.  The examiner asked Josepi about what he does at home and who he plays with, and what he received as a gift on a recent holiday.  He was able to give basic information in response to “Wh” questions (e.g., who, what, where) but his utterances were limited grammatically and Josepi did not initiate any of the conversation.

 Story-telling Exercise (TELL & RETELL)

Josepi was asked to tell a story after looking at pictures in a wordless picture book.

An example of Josepi’s stories in Spanish and English are presented here, followed by an explanation:

Narrative Summary

Three stories were elicited from Josepi:

1. English: without an example
2. Spanish: without an example
3. Spanish: with an example

Josepi’s English language sample could be described as naming the characters and using gestures and sound effects to tell the story.  His Spanish language samples were more linguistically rich and are considered a truer measure of his language abilities.  Josepi’s language sample in English was smaller, less complex, and contained more grammatical errors. Some of the errors are typical of Spanish-influenced English but others were not and are indicative of language impairment.

In Spanish, Josepi was asked to tell a story without a model and at a different time tell a story with a model.  There was considerable language growth between the two language samples (tell and retell), which indicates that Josepi benefits greatly from being able to see/hear an example before he is expected to complete a task.

Josepi produced utterances of 1-6 words in Spanish.  His utterances included the characters of the story and some actions (sleeping).  The story was told from the perspective of the main character as Josepi spoke as though he were the boy.  Much of the story contained sound effects and naming of the characters.  He mentioned the place (in the water) on a few occasions but typically did not mention the place or used non-specific words (there/here).  Without the pictures it would have been difficult to understand what Josepi was talking about.

The story that he generated included verbs in present tense but did not include past or future.  He did use certain verbs (cayó/fell) that occur more routinely in the past tense than the present.  He did not use adjectives or many conjunctions (and).  Without the known context of the book, much of the story would have been difficult to understand due to a lack of content, reduced use of pronouns and articles, and reliance on carrier phrase such as “and…” While his story included the action of many pictures, the story was not unified into a cohesive narrative.  He did not use cohesive elements (“and then) to link the story together.

Grammatically, Josepi struggled to use complete sentences that were grammatically and syntactically correct. He had difficulty including articles and pronouns consistently.   Additional syntactic errors included inclusion of extra articles, lack of plurals, missing aux-verb…, use of non-informative naming (it, that, everywhere), and using a different word order.

Rich Information

Slideshare

So you can see that with this relatively short language sample, we gain a wealth of information about Josepi’s expressive language skills.  By gathering a “tell” and a “retell” we gain insight about successful strategies for intervention and classroom support.  We didn’t go into great detail in this post about differentiating typical language influence errors from atypical errors.  If you want more details about this process, check out our Difference vs. Disorder: Language presentation slides on Slideshare or our continuing education course by the same title.

Click the image to view the course.