Page 83 - Difference or Disorder Digital Version

Difference or Disorder?

DEVELOPMENTAL NORMS FOR LANGUAGE

Age Feature
1‐2 Vocabulary: nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs.
1;6‐ Vocabulary: ~ 27 words, more nouns than verbs
1;10 Syntax: 2‐word utterances
rd
1;10‐2 Morphology: emerging adjective agreement; omission of 3 person singular
agreement;
Syntax: 2‐3 word utterances, mostly not grammatical
2‐2;6 Vocabulary: acquire more adjectives and adverbs
Syntax: 2‐3 word utterances with conjugated verbs
Morphology: emerging suffixes and indicative mood.
2‐3 Vocabulary: emerging synonyms and antonyms, multiple meaning words, part‐
whole relationships, emerging prepositions (e.g. in, on, with) and conjunctions
(e.g. because, so that, when), errors with possessives and pronouns
Morphology: Emerging first case, mixing noun endings, expansion of inflections,
emerging gender agreement.
Syntax: Developing compound and complex sentences, developing noun‐adjective
agreement.
3‐4 Vocabulary: mastery of comparatives, inconsistent use of prepositions
Morphology: emerging declensions, developing verb endings including imperative
endings, varied types of declinations and conjugations, errors with neuter
adjective agreement
Syntax: developing compound sentences
Connected speech: development of connected speech and dialogues, simple story
retells in egocentric speech
3‐7 Vocabulary: development of synonyms and antonyms, multiple meaning words,
and part‐whole relationships.
4‐6 Syntax: continue to exhibit errors
Morphology: most grammatical forms acquired, all declination types mastered
Connected speech: retell reading/story to adult, egocentric speech, create own
stories and poems
5‐7 Morphology: deviant declension of numerals, occasional participles
(Logoped, 2005; Povalyaeva, 2004)

SPECIAL NOTE: PALATIZATION

Most Russian consonants (stops, nasals, lateral, trill, and five of eight fricatives) are

differentiated by a palatalization feature. This contrast of soft (palatalized) versus hard (non‐

palatalized) consonants is one of the most important aspects of Russian phonology (Zharkova,

2005). Soft consonants are produced with the tongue high in the mouth, near the palate. Hard
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consonants are produced with the tongue lower in the mouth. This distinction adds a level of

complexity to the Russian consonant system that does not exist in English. A Russian‐speaking

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