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Difference or Disorder?

to code‐switch. With the help of countless tutors and amazing mentors (including my parents,

who are bi‐dialectal), I was able to join a field where I could be an advocate for culturally and

linguistically diverse speakers. I am now able to utilize my experiences as a bi‐dialectal

speaker to advocate for others and teach my colleagues about language differences and

language disorders.

Brittney Donielle Goodman M.S., CCC‐SLP, Speech‐Language Pathologist

REFERENCES

Bland‐Stewart, L. (2005). Difference or deficit in speakers of African American
English?: What Every Clinician Should Know . . . and Do. United States: The ASHA
Leader.

Craig, H., Thompson, C., Washington, J., & Potter, S. (2003). Phonological features of child
African American English. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Reseach, 46,
623‐635.

Craig, H. K., & Washington, J. A. (2004). Grade‐related changes in the production of African
American English. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(2), 450‐
463.

Craig, H., & Grogger, J. (2012). Influences of social and style variables on adult
usage of African American English features. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 55, 1274‐1288.

Craig, H., Kolenic, G., Hensel, S. (2013). African American English speaking students:
A longitudinal examination of style shifting from kindergarten through second
grade. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57, 143‐157.

Green, L. & Stockman, I. (2003). Alternate responses to the word structure
subtest items for speakers of African American English. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.

OSEP (2000). Twenty‐Second Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Retrieved from
http://www2.ed.gov/about/reports/annual/osep/2000/index.html

Packer, M. (2001). Black English [Class handout]. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University.

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